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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062c 1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1983.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639 1\u060c \u0635 5 \u06d4 81\u060c 1999.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f 1982.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u06d4 \u0645\u0635\u0631)\u060c 1988.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1996.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0634\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c 1986.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062c 2\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c 1408\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c 1403\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1973.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1986 \u06d41987.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631\u060c 1905 \u06d4 1920\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u06d4 22\u060c \u0642\u0645 1999.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c 1986.<\/li>\n<li>\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c 4\u060c 1989.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1998.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1980.<\/li>\n<li>Duverger Maurice: \u201cles Regimes politiques\u201d P.U.F-Que sais-je? 5e. ed. paris 1960.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646) \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1982\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0635 222.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a)\u060c \u062c 1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1983\u060c \u0635 141 \u06d4 142.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 143.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a)\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1996\u060c \u0635 35 \u06d4 40.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 (\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 1980\u060c \u0635 5 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1953 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0635 1 \u06d4 19\u060c \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a (\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0637 2 \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 1403\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a>.: \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0635 33 \u06d4 48\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1998.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0635 33.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a>. \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0635 33.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 45.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 44 &#8211; 45.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 44.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0635 55-60\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0637 11\u060c 1986.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0634\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0629\u060c \u0635 137-139\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c 1986.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a>. \u062a\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0635 15 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0635272\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0635 31 \u06d4 48\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (\u0645\u0646 10 \u0625\u0644\u0649 13) \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1958 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/a>. \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0635 16 \u06d4 64.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 5.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\"><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\"><sup>[26]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 11\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1973.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\"><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/a>. \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0635 34.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\"><sup>[28]<\/sup><\/a>. \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\"><sup>[29]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\"><sup>[30]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629: 213.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\"><sup>[31]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629: (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c 5 \u06d4 81 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\"><sup>[32]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\"><sup>[33]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0635 45 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\"><sup>[34]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646) \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\"><sup>[35]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0635 240\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f. \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 1986 \u06d4 1987.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\"><sup>[36]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635 26.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\"><sup>[37]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0635 10.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\"><sup>[38]<\/sup><\/a>. \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\"><sup>[39]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0635 10.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\"><sup>[40]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 12.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\"><sup>[41]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\"><sup>[42]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 11 \u06d4 149.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\"><sup>[43]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 90.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\"><sup>[44]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 94.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\"><sup>[45]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 93 \u06d4 98.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\"><sup>[46]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0635 17.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\"><sup>[47]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 101 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\"><sup>[48]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 109.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\"><sup>[49]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 110.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\"><sup>[50]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0635 9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\"><sup>[51]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\"><sup>[52]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 9 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\"><sup>[53]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 14.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\"><sup>[54]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 14 \u06d4 15.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\"><sup>[55]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062c 2\u060c \u0635 303 \u06d4 307\u060c 1408\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\"><sup>[56]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 295 \u06d4 298.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\"><sup>[57]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 298 \u06d4 303.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\"><sup>[58]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 125.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftn59\"><sup>[59]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0635 125.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref60\" name=\"_ftn60\"><sup>[60]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 128 \u06d4 129.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref61\" name=\"_ftn61\"><sup>[61]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0645. \u0646\u060c \u0635 128 \u06d4 131.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref62\" name=\"_ftn62\"><sup>[62]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0635 53\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref63\" name=\"_ftn63\"><sup>[63]<\/sup><\/a> . Duverger, Maurice&#8230; &#8220;Les regimes poitiques&#8221; .p.u.f.que sais-je?paris. 1960 5eed.p9<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref64\" name=\"_ftn64\"><sup>[64]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0635 142.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref65\" name=\"_ftn65\"><sup>[65]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 97 \u06d4 98.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-politics-social","category-article"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.3 (Yoast SEO v26.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a - \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2020\/10\/05\/\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2020\/10\/05\/\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\/\" \/>\n<meta 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