{"id":15505,"date":"2026-09-10T20:11:49","date_gmt":"2026-09-10T17:11:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/?p=15505"},"modified":"2026-09-10T20:11:49","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T17:11:49","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/09\/10\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u064a\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> (2009)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0644<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> (2009)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> (2007)\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0627<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> (2007)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> (2000)\u060c \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0631<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> (2003)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0631<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> (2004)\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> (2003) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f (Kjaer, 2004, pp1_2). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a (World Bank, 2000). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 (World Bank, 2007: p 4). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 (\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c 1383: \u0635 194). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 (United Nations Development Programme, 1998: p 25).<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u064f\u0643\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 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\u00ab\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u200c \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u200c \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u00a0(\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u200c)\u00bb. \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u200c\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0645. \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 18. \u0635 \u0635. 7653.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646. 1375. \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u200c. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: 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132109.<\/p>\n<p>\u0632\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc. 1397. \u00ab\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u00bb. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c: \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc (\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc). \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631. 1375. \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u0628\u06cc\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f. 1398. \u00ab\u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u00bb. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u200c \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u200c: 20\/ 9\/ 1399. \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 https:\/\/amseif.ir\/?p=7753#_ftn4.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0634\u06cc\u062e\u060c \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0631\u0636\u0627\u061b \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644. 1398. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u06cc \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u200c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u200c. \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0641\u062f\u0647\u0645. \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 78. \u0635 \u0635. 228203.<\/p>\n<p>\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644\u061b \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. 1391. \u00ab\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc- \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u00bb. \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc (\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f). \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c \u0646\u0647\u0645\u200c. \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0632 \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2. \u0635 \u0635. 7553.<\/p>\n<p>\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631. 1379. \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0641\u062f\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631. 1434\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u062a (\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u200c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u200c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u200c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 16. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u200c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u200c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u200c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>. 1393\u0627\u0644\u0641. \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u200c. 1393\u0628. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u200c. 1394. \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u200c (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u200c\u060c \u0633\u062e\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627). \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u200c. 1372\u200c. \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 4. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f. 1392. \u00ab\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u00bb. \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u200c \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u200c. \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c \u0646\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0645. \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 98. \u0635 \u0635. 8963.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645. 1378\u200c. \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631. \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f: \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0647. 1391. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062a (\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u200c \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u200c). \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642(\u0639).<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u06a9\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0639\u0644\u06cc. 1398. \u00ab\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u200c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u200c \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u00bb. \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc. \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0648\u200c\u062f\u0648\u0645. \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 87. \u0635 \u0635. 5633.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u06cc\u0648\u0636\u0644\u0648\u060c \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646. 1384. \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u200c. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c. \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u200c\u00a0(\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645).<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0631. 1361. \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0647. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631\u200c \u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u200c. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c: \u0637\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc. 1390. \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0638\u0644\u0645. \u0642\u0645: \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0648\u0649\u200c\u060c \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u200c. 1410\u200c. \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u06a9\u0627\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 2. \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u06cc\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628. 1405. \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 1 \u0648 2. \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062a\u200c: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621\u200c<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u060c \u0627\u0635\u063a\u0631\u061b \u0622\u0630\u0631\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627. 1388. \u00ab\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u200c \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u200c \u0622\u0646\u200c \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u00bb. \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc. \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 36. \u0635 \u0635. 208179.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u200c\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u200c. 1403. \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 72. \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0631\u0636\u0627\u061b \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0686\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0631\u06cc. 1398. \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u200c \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u200c \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u200c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0647\u00bb. \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642. \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644. \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u200c 3. \u0635 \u0635.\u200c 8147.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u06cc\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0642\u06cc. 1374. \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u062f. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u200c \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u063a\u0627\u062a\u200c \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0637\u0647\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u06cc. 1403. \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u200c. 1387. \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u200c \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u200c \u0645\u0637\u0647\u0631\u06cc. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 25. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633. 1382. \u00ab\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u200c \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00bb. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc. \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 10. \u0635 \u0635. 7955.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u200c\u061b \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646\u200c\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631. 1383. \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u060c \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646. 1369. \u00ab\u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0644\u00bb. \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u200c 37\u200c \u0648 38. \u0635\u0635346333.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f. 1393\u200c. \u0646\u0642\u062f\u200c \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0635\u063a\u0631. 1399. \u00ab\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u200c \u0627\u0632\u200c \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u00bb. \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u06cc\u200c. \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c \u0647\u0641\u062f\u0647\u0645. \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631\u200c \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u200c. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u200c 31. \u0635 \u0635. 263.<\/p>\n<p>AusAID. 2008. Economic\u200c governance\u200c. ANNUAL THEMATIC PERFORMANCE REPORT 2006\u201307. Canberra. Australian Agency for International Development\u200c (AusAID\u200c).<\/p>\n<p>Ayrikyan, Azatuhi &amp; Zaman, Muhammad H. 2012. Creating\u200c an Innovation Ecosystem: Governance\u200c and\u200c the Growth of Knowledge Economies\u200c. Boston\u200c University.<\/p>\n<p>Kjaer, Anne Mette. 2004. Governance, Key Concepts. Oxford. United Kingdom. Polity Press\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>United\u200c Nations Development Programme. 1998. Governance\u200c for\u200c sustainable\u200c growth and equity\u200c: report\u200c of International Conference. New\u200c York\u200c. United Nations Development Programme. Management Development and Governance Division.<\/p>\n<p>World Bank. 2000. &#8220;Poverty Reduction\u200c Strategy\u200c Papers&#8221;. IMF and the World Bank\u200c. September\u200c 7.<\/p>\n<p>. 2007\u200c. &#8220;A Decade\u200c of\u200c measuring the quality of\u200c governance: governance matters. World wide governance indicators. 1996-2007. Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Xuening\u200c Yao\u200c, Chihiro\u200c Watanabe, Ying Li<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> ArifieMarie Mohammad and Eric Stroble\u200c<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Mark\u200c R. Thompson<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Shalendra D. Sharma<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Larry Diamond<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Shabbir Cheema and Linda Maguire<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> HansJurgen Wagener<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> United States Agency for International Development<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0664 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0647\u0627\u00bb (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f2: \u0635 \u06f2\u06f4\u06f5).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f: \u00ab\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648&#8230; \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a 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