{"id":15107,"date":"2026-08-29T13:35:25","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T10:35:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/?p=15107"},"modified":"2026-08-29T13:35:25","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T10:35:25","slug":"%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a3-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a1%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%b5%d8%af%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/08\/29\/%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a3-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a1%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%b5%d8%af%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 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href=\"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/research\/articles\/politics-social\/comparative-study-government-accountability-sadr-khamenei\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648 \u0622\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc<\/strong><\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 accountability. Dykstra) 1938:1)<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d accountability\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a accomptare (\u0623\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629&#8221;). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u064f\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u00bb \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 (1371: 187)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00abaccountability\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d accountability.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647. \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645)<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0645\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> (1: 1938, Dykstra).<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u00bb (\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0646\u062f 1378: 153). \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u00bb (\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c 1395: 21).<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>2.2 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a> \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f2. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f4\u0628) \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0630\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f3. \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f3) \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f4 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f1) \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f5. \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f1) \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0628\u06cc\u0631<\/p>\n<p>\u0628) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f6. \u062c\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f2) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06f3\u06f0.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f7. \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0698\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f5) \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0647\u0627\u061b \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u200c\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (120).<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f8. \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u00a0 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f3). \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u06f8\u06f2\u06f0<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f9. \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u062e\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0628\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f4) \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 (\u0639)\u060c \u06f2\u06f6<\/p>\n<p>\u06f2\u06f0. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f0) \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p>21. \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u06f6 (\u06f1) \u06f1\u06f3\u06f1-\u06f1\u06f5\u06f5<\/p>\n<p>2- English<\/p>\n<p>A) Book<\/p>\n<p>1. Baldwin, K. (2015). The Paradox of Traditional Chiefs in Democratic Africa. Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p>2. Black Law Dictionary, Available at: http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/accountability\/<\/p>\n<p>3.Fearon, J. (1999). Electoral Accountability and the Control of Politicians: Selecting Good Types versus Sanctioning Poor Performance. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge\u00a0 University Press<\/p>\n<p>4. John, S. (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Clarendon Press.<\/p>\n<p>B) Articles<\/p>\n<p>1. Anderson, S. E., Buntaine, M.T., Liu, M., &amp; Zhang, B. (2019). Non-Governmental Monitoring of Local Governments Increases Compliance with Central Mandates: A National Scale Field Experiment in China. American Journal of Political Science. 63 (3), 626-643.<\/p>\n<p>2. Baldwin, K., &amp; Holzinger, K. (2019). Traditional Political Institutions and Democracy: Reassessing Their Compatibility and Accountability. Comparative Political Studies. 52 (12), 1747-1774.<\/p>\n<p>3. Bratton, M., &amp; van de Walle, N. (July 1992). Popular Protest and Political Reform in Africa. Comparative Politics. 24 (4), 419<\/p>\n<p>4. Dykstra, Clarence A. (1938). The Quest for Responsibility. American Political Science Review. 33 (1), 1-25.<\/p>\n<p>5. Lotte Jensen. Chapter 25. Constructing the image of accountability in Danish public sector reform. In Learning from International Public Management Reform: Part B.. Published online: 09 Mar 2015: 479-497<\/p>\n<p>6. Madestam, A., Shoag, D., Veuger, S., &amp; Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2013). Do Political Protests Matter? Evidence from the Tea Party Movement The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 128 (4), 1633-1685.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>\u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u06f3\u06f3 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u06f9 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u06f7\u06f5 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u06f1\u06f1\u06f2.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> good governance<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>Etymology<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>Terminology<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>Answerable<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>. Political Accountability<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>. Administrative Accountability<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>Public Accountability<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>Legal Accountability<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u00bb \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0650\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u06af\u0648\u064a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d Answerability. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a \u06f7\u06f3\u06f4\u06f3. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 accountability<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>Answerability blameworthiness<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>Liability<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>expectation of account-giving<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>Andrew Heywood<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>\u0630\u064f\u0643\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627&#8230; \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a>The Public \/ Res Publica<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a>Public Accountability.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a>Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a>1390:141, Vaezi and Azmandian Wolf, 1999; 10; Jensen 2015: 485:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a>Maurice Duverger (1917-2014)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a>. Madestam 2013: 1633; \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c 1371: 419; \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c 2019: 626; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c 2019: 1747.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a>Coneceptualization.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a>Autonomy.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a>State war.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a>Social contract.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a>\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u0635): (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647) \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635 \u06f3\u06f8\u06f1\u061b \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062c \u06f3\u060c \u0635 \u06f1\u06f4\u06f5\u06f9\u061b \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0631\u064a \u0635 \u06f1\u06f1\u06f9\u061b \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062c \u06f1\u060c \u0635 \u06f3\u06f6\u06f4\u061b \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062c \u06f1\u06f2\u060c \u0635 \u06f3\u06f8\u061b \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062c \u06f1\u060c \u0635 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f3\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a>\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f4\u060c \u0635 \u06f3\u06f4\u06f2<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":12364,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15107","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics-social"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0626\u064a | 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