{"id":14972,"date":"2026-08-24T17:48:48","date_gmt":"2026-08-24T14:48:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/?p=14972"},"modified":"2026-08-24T17:48:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T14:48:48","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b8%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b0%d8%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/08\/24\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b8%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b0%d8%ac\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 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href=\"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/research\/articles\/methodology\/approach-paradigm-humanities-sadr-kuhn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u200c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/strong><\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:<\/strong> \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 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href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 <a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>\u00bb (\u0661\u0664:\u0661\u0669\u0667\u0668 ,Machlup\u200c).<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u0622\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u06af\u06cc\u062f\u0646\u0632 (\u0661\u0663\u0669\u0666). \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c0\u200c \u0627\u06a9\u0628\u0631\u200c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u200c. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0639\u0644\u0645\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0642\u06cc (\u0661\u0663\u0669\u0664). \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc. \u0642\u0645: \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0 (\u0661\u0663\u0669\u0666). \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u200c \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0628\u0631\u062a\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0631 (\u0661\u0663\u0666\u0669). \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c0 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc &#8211; \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647\u200c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a\u200c \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0628\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0646 (\u0661\u0663\u0669\u0665). \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c0 \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u200c \u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0636\u0627\u200c \u062d\u0633\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f\u06cc. \u0642\u0645: \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0641 (\u0661\u0663\u0669\u0660). \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u200c (\u062f\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u200c \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc). \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c0 \u0633\u0639\u06cc\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0633\u0645\u062a\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062d\u0633\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0636\u0627\u200c \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u067e\u0648\u0631\u200c\u060c \u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u200c (\u0661\u0663\u0668\u0669). \u062f\u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0666\u0663\u060c \u0667\u0667\u200c-\u0669\u0666\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0635\u062f\u0631\u200c\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u0661\u0663\u0664\u0668). \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c0 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u06cc. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0 (\u0661\u0664\u0663\u0663). \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u200c. \u0642\u0645\u200c: \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u06c0 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u06a9\u0648\u0647\u0646\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0626\u0644 (\u0661\u0663\u0668\u0669). \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c0 \u0633\u0639\u06cc\u062f\u200c \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0633\u0645\u062a\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0 (\u0661\u0663\u0669\u0667)\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0634 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u06cc. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c0 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0644\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0644 (\u0661\u0663\u0667\u0663). \u062a\u0628\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c0\u200c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u200c \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0637\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u06cc\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u200c (\u0661\u0663\u0668\u0669\u200c). \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u062a (\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647). \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0647\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646\u200c (\u0661\u0663\u0668\u0666\u200c). \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc \u062a\u0626\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c: \u0633\u0645\u062a\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645\u0646\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u200c \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0633\u200c (\u0661\u0663\u0669\u0665\u200c). \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c0 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u200c \u0641\u0642\u06cc\u0647\u06cc\u200c \u0648 \u0639\u0633\u0644 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0647\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; BUREAU OF INTELLIGENCE AND RESEARCH. (1964). GAME THEORY\u200c AND\u200c ITS<\/p>\n<p>APPLICATION TO THE SOCIAL SCIENCES\u200c. Washington , D. C.: External Research Staff\u200c<\/p>\n<p>Department\u200c of State.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Coleman, James S (1990\u200c). Foundations\u200c of Social Theory. Cambridge, Massachusetts &amp;<\/p>\n<p>London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Douglas\u200c, Heather\u200c E(2009). Science, Policy, and the\u200c Value\u200c-Free\u200c Ideal. USA: University\u200c of\u200c<\/p>\n<p>Pittsburgh Press.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Giddens, Anthony\u200c (1991\u200c). Modernity and Self-Identity. Cambridge: polity.<\/p>\n<p>New Rules of Sociological Method, stanford: Polity and\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. (\u0661\u0669\u0669\u0663\u200c)\u00a0 &#8211; Blackwell<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Giddens, Anthony (1984). The\u200c constitition\u200c of Society\u200c: Outline\u200c of\u200c the theory of<\/p>\n<p>Structuration\u200c. UK: Polity.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; HoYRUP, JENS (2000). Human Sciences (Reappraising the Humanities). New York:<\/p>\n<p>STATE UNIVERSITY OF\u200c NEW\u200c YORK PRESS.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Kuhn, Thomas S (1970). The\u200c Structure\u200c of\u200c Scientific\u200c Revolutions\u200c. LONDON: THE<\/p>\n<p>UNIVERSITY\u200c OF\u200c CHICAGO PRESS.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Kuper, Adam &amp; Kuper, Jessica (1996). The Social Science Encyclopedia. London and New<\/p>\n<p>York: Routledge\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Machlup\u200c, Fritz\u200c (1978). METHODOLOGY OF ECONOMICS AND OTHER SOCIAL\u200c<\/p>\n<p>SCIENCES\u200c. New\u200c York\u200c: ACADEMIC\u200c PRESS\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Neuman, W. Lawrence (2014). Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative<\/p>\n<p>Approaches. Pearson Education Limited.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Popper, Karl R (1994). THE MYTH OF THE FRAMEWORK. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Masterman, Margaret (1970). \u201cThe\u200c Nature of Paradigm\u201d, Criticism and the Growth of<\/p>\n<p>Knowledge. Imre Lakatos &amp; Alan Musgrave (Eds.). Cambridge, eng: Cambridge University<\/p>\n<p>Press.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>paradigm<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>Science<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>Coherent\u200c components<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645 (\u0631. \u06a9: Masterman: \u0661\u0669\u0667\u0660) \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u00bb (\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u067e\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0661\u0663\u0668\u0669) \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0647\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>objective<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>theory laden<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>subjectivity<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>paradigm\u200c shift\u200c<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>demarcation<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>Machlup<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>Windelband<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>axiomatic<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>facts\u200c<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb (\u0635\u062f\u0631, \u0661\u0663\u0664\u0668 \u0635\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. \u0661\u0663\u0667). \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0628\u062c\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0628\u062c\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629.)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a>Incommensurability<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a>Primitive\u200c communism<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a (Diminishing returns<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a>. \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 (Supply and\u200c demand\u200c<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a>game theory<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a>imperialism<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0647\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":12364,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-thought-culture"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 | \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0647\u0646. \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/08\/24\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a-\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0647\u0646. \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/08\/24\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a-\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-08-24T14:48:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/photo1645434296.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"750\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"342\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"programer\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 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