{"id":14809,"date":"2025-08-23T13:05:31","date_gmt":"2025-08-23T10:05:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/?p=14809"},"modified":"2026-08-23T13:11:43","modified_gmt":"2026-08-23T10:11:43","slug":"%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2025\/08\/23\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

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1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u00abknowledge\u00bb\u060c \u00abconnaissance\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u00abSCIENCE\u00bb. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u00abKNOWLEDGE\u00bb<\/li>\n
  2. \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u00bb.<\/li>\n
  3. \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0623: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u00abPOSTIVE KNOWLEDGE\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u00bb.<\/p>\n

    \u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u00abNORMATIVE KNOWLEDGE\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u00bb.<\/p>\n

    \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629) \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

    \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u00abSYSTEM\u00bb \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u00abSCIENCE\u00bb\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0631<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627<\/a>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 (\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c 1408\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635 \u0635. 29-28):<\/p>\n

    \u00ab\u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u2026 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u2026 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0647\u0648: \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.\u00bb<\/p>\n

    (\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u2026 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627\u2026 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.) (\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c 1360\u060c \u06354)<\/p>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

    \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629\u00bb<\/li>\n
    2. \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u00ab\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u00bb<\/li>\n
    3. \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00bb<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      1. \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/h3>\n

      \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n

      2. \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/h3>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

      \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n

      \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

      \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c. \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

      \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

      \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 59 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649: \u00ab\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0645\u00bb. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 (\u0635) \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00bb (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635).[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

      3. \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

      \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c<\/li>\n
      2. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c<\/li>\n
      3. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/h3>\n

        \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 (\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629) \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

        \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a”\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629:<\/p>\n

        \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.\u00bb<\/p>\n

        \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 (Ahmad, 1981, P.X.V):<\/p>\n

        \u00ab\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u2026 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649.\u00bb<\/p>\n

        \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646. \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Robinson, 1970, p.122):<\/p>\n

        \u00ab\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 “OBJECTIVITY” \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u2026 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f.\u00bb<\/p>\n

        \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 (myrdal, rol \u20131, p.32):<\/p>\n

        \u00ab\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u2026 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645” \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629.\u00bb<\/p>\n

        \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u00abPOSITIVE ECONOMICS\u00bb. \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f” \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a” \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f (Alhassani, 1984).<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a (CRTI) \u2013 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u00abIDB\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 (Mahhany, 1986, p.15):<\/p>\n

        \u00ab\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u2026 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.\u00bb<\/p>\n

        \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 “\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645”. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 (Ahmad, 1981, P.X.X):<\/p>\n

        \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u2026 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062d\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u061b \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 “STATUS QUO” \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.\u00bb<\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/h2>\n

        \u00ab\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f” \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642. \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 “SUBMISSION” \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 “MISSION” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628. \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.\u00bb (Siddigi, pp.194-195)<\/p>\n

        \u00ab\u2026 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.\u00bb (\u0662\u0660\u0661Siddigi, pp.)<\/p>\n

        \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u062c\u061f<\/p>\n

        \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u00abGuided Economics\u00bb \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/h2>\n
          \n
        1. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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            \n
          1. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u0623: \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n

            \u0628: \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c<\/p>\n

            \u062c: \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

            \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

            \u062c: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u00bb.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u00abCambridge Economic Handbooks\u00bb \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Baues, 1957) :<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.\u00bb<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u064f\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629) \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
              2. \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \u00ab\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645. \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649.\u00bb<\/p>\n

                \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                1. \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06c0 204\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/li>\n
                2. \u0647\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638\u060c 1340<\/li>\n
                3. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c0 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u06861\u060c 1360<\/li>\n
                4. \u0647\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u060c \u06862\u060c 1408\u0642<\/li>\n
                5. \u0647\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0635\u0648\u0631\u06c0 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u06c0 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u06c0<\/li>\n
                6. Ahmad, Khorshid, Studies in Islamic Economics , Jeddah, International center of Research in Islamic Economics, 1981<\/li>\n
                7. AL \u2013 hassani, Essags on Iqtisad, V.S. A., Nur corp, 1984\/1410H<\/li>\n
                8. Ibid, Iqtisad as Alternative to Economics, London, Mb. V.S.A, Imamia center<\/li>\n
                9. As \u2013 Sadr, Mohammad Bagir. IQ Tisaduna (our Economics), Tehran, world Organization for Islamic studies<\/li>\n
                10. Baues, Peter, T. ,& vamey, Basi, s. , The Economics of under developed countries, \u00bbThe cambridge Economic Handbooks \u00ab , The University of chicago press, 1957<\/li>\n
                11. Mannan, M.A., Islamic Economic: Theory and practic, cambridge, uk,The Islamic Academy, 1986<\/li>\n
                12. Myrdal, Gunnar, Asian Drama, An Inquiry into the Nature and causes of Poverty<\/li>\n
                13. Robinson, Joan, Freedom and Necessity, london, Gumar Allen & vrwin, 1970.<\/li>\n
                14. Siddigi, Muhammad NeJatullah, Mouslim Economic Thinking: A survey of contemporary literature, Islamic Economics<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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                   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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