{"id":14786,"date":"2026-08-23T12:41:13","date_gmt":"2026-08-23T09:41:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/?p=14786"},"modified":"2026-08-23T12:41:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-23T09:41:13","slug":"%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%81%d9%87%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%86-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/08\/23\/%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%81%d9%87%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%86-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

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\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u200f(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Dow, 1998, Chapter 5).<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Tieben, Bert (2012), The Concept of Equilibrium in Different Economic Traditions: An Historical Investigation, Edward \u200c\u200cElgar\u200c Publishing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Hahn, Frank (1984\u200c), Equilibrium and Macroeconomics, MIT Press.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Moore, James, C. (2006\u200c), General\u200c Equilibrium and Welfare Economics: An Introduction. Springer Science & Business Media.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0635 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Dow, Sheila C. (1998), The Methodology of Macroeconomic Thought: A Conceptual Analysis of Schools of Thought in Economics. Edward Elgar.<\/li>\n
        2. Vercelli, Allessandro (1991), Methodological Foundations of\u200c Macroeconomics\u200c: Keynes and Lucas. Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u200f(\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f8\u060c \u063545). \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u200f(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0646\u200c\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f4\u060c \u0641 1\u060c \u063522).<\/p>\n

          \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u200f(Vercelli, 1991, p.4).<\/p>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0647\u0648: \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 [2]<\/a>. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u200f(Dow & Dow, 2006, p.46).<\/p>\n

          \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/h2>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n

          \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 (\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631) \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u200f(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Vercelli\u200c, 1991, p.24).<\/p>\n

          \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u200f(Termini, 1983, p, 8). \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

          \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u200f(Dow, 1998, p.111).<\/p>\n

          \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629) \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u200f(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0634\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f5\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0641 5).<\/p>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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– \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u0628 – \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 – \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 -. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 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\u200f(The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2018, p.11127)\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 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          \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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          \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/h2>\n

          \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646. \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u200f(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Vercelli, 1991\u200c, pp\u200c, 11\u200c, 24).<\/p>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a: \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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          \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u061f \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u061f \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u200f(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Schumpeter, 2006, sec, 1, chapm, 7, ESP, p. 29).<\/p>\n

          \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/h2>\n

          \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a) \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u200f(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0641\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f2\u060c \u0641 1).<\/p>\n

          \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u2212\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n

          \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u200f(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f5\u060c \u0635243). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u200f(Dow, 1998, p, 125).<\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u061b \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0626\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

          \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u200f(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647, p.126).<\/p>\n

          \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/h2>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u200f(Kahf, 2014, vol. 1, p.112).<\/p>\n

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          \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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          \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u061b<\/li>\n
          2. \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/h2>\n

            \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f8)\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u0632 \u0648 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0633\u200c \u0627\u0632\u200c \u062c\u0646\u06af\u200c\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u200c.<\/p>\n

            \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u200c\u060c \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f9)\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 (\u0633\u0645\u062a)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u200c \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c.<\/p>\n

            \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0644\u200c\u200c\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0646\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u200c\u062c\u06cc(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f7)\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647\u200c\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u200c \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u200c \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0686\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u0631.<\/p>\n

            \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f2)\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u200c \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u200c \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200c \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u06861\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 (\u0633\u0645\u062a).<\/p>\n

            \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f4\u06f2\u06f4)\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 (\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062c\u06f3)\u060c \u06861\u060c \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u200c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u200c.<\/p>\n

            \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631(\u06f1\u06f4\u06f2\u06f4)\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 (\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062c\u06f1)\u200f\u060c \u0686\u06f1\u060c \u0642\u0645\u200c: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u200c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n

            \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631(\u06f1\u06f4\u06f2\u06f3)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062c\u06f1\u06f7)\u060c \u06861\u060c \u0642\u0645\u200c: \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u200c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u200c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n

            \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0636\u0627 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f8)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635 \u062f\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u200c \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u200c \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u200c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc.<\/p>\n

            \u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u200c\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f1\u200c)\u060c \u062a\u0626\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u200c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u200c \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u06cc.<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u202b\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0631\u060c \u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u200c \u200c(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f9)\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc (\u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f)\u060c \u06862\u060c \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u202b\u0631\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0638\u0645\u200c \u200c(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f1\u200c)\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0631\u062f (\u0628\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc)\u200f\u060c \u0642\u0645: \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u202b\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u200c \u0628\u0646\u200c\u200c\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u200c\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u200c \u0627\u0628\u0646\u200c\u200c\u062c\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0644\u06cc(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f8)\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200c \u062a\u06cc\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u060c \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647\u200c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc\u200c \u0648 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06cc\u200c \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc(\u0631\u0647).<\/p>\n

            \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0626\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u067e\u0644\u060c \u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f8)\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u200c\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c: \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc.<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u202b\u0634\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u06cc (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f5)\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u200c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u200c \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632.<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u202b\u0641\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0646\u200c\u200c\u06a9\u06cc(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f2)\u060c \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u062a: \u0631\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u200c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u200c \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0639\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642(\u0639).<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u200f\u202b\u06a9\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f9\u200c)\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 (\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc)\u060c \u06861\u060c \u0642\u0645: \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u202b\u06a9\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f7)\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u200c \u062e\u0631\u062f\u200c \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0642\u0645: \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u202b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u200c\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a\u200c (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f9)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c: \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u200c \u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u200c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc.<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u200f\u202b\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u0639\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f6\u200c)\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u200c \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0646 (\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc)\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc.<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u202b\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u200c(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f5\u200c)\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u200c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u200c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u200c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u06cc\u200c \u0646\u0635\u0631\u062a\u200c \u0648 \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0641\u0631\u060c \u06861\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u200c \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u200c.<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u202b\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u200c\u0627\u0635\u063a\u0631(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f7)\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f (\u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u200c\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u200c)\u200f\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c: \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u200c.<\/p>\n

            \u200f\u202b\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u200c(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f4\u200c)\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u200c\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u200c \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u200c \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c\u200c: \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u200c\u0647\u200c\u200c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            [1<\/strong><\/a>]<\/a> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

            [2]<\/a> Rest Point<\/p>\n

            [3]<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u200f(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f9\u060c \u0635724\u200c).<\/p>\n

            [4]<\/a> \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644. \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 (\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649).<\/p>\n

            [5]<\/a> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u200f(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f1\u060c \u0635254\u2212255).<\/p>\n

            [6]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u200f(\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u06f1\u06f4\u06f2\u06f4\u0628\u200c\u060c \u063548\u200c).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":12364,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economy"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a | \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/08\/23\/\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629-\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645-\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 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\/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/photo1645434296.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"750\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"342\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"programer\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a 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