{"id":14785,"date":"2026-08-23T12:38:41","date_gmt":"2026-08-23T09:38:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/?p=14785"},"modified":"2026-08-23T12:38:41","modified_gmt":"2026-08-23T09:38:41","slug":"%d9%85%d8%a4%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/08\/23\/%d9%85%d8%a4%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 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\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>1. \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u00abtheory\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0645-\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0631<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0669\u0662<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0666\u0661\u0660 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0666\u0663\u0660 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631(Harper, 2008). \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00abTheory\u00bb \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00abTheoria\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636. \u0648\u00abTheoria\u00bb \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u00abThe\u014dros\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u00abtheory\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00abtheorein\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a> \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14802 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/1-1-300x156.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"187\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/1-1-300x156.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/1-1.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>2. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a> (\u0661\u0667\u0665\u0668) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631. Quesnay, 1958, p13, 15,18,20,39,124). \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a> \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a> (\u0661\u0667\u0665\u0669)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631. Smith\u200c,1759, p187. 243). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a> (\u0661\u0667\u0667\u0666)(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631. Smith, 1976, p11). \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0638 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 (\u0661\u0668\u0661\u0668-\u0661\u0668\u0668\u0663) \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u0661\u0668\u0666\u0667) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0667\u0669 \u0645\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631. Marx, 1999). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0644 (\u0661\u0668\u0660\u0666-\u0661\u0668\u0667\u0663) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0638 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a> (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631. Mill, 1863). \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a&#8221; \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a> \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0632 (\u0661\u0668\u0663\u0665-\u0661\u0668\u0668\u0662) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0638 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0663\u0660\u0660 \u0645\u0631\u0629 (Jevons, 1871). \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633 (\u0661\u0668\u0663\u0664-\u0661\u0669\u0661\u0660) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0638 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a> (\u0661\u0668\u0668\u0663)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a> (\u0661\u0668\u0666\u0661)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a> (\u0661\u0669\u0660\u0660). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>3. \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u060c \u0628\u060c \u062c\u060c \u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. 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\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a) \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 (\u0661\u0668\u0664\u0660-\u0661\u0669\u0662\u0661) \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn35\" name=\"_ftnref35\">[35]<\/a>&#8220;\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn36\" name=\"_ftnref36\">[36]<\/a>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644<a href=\"#_ftn37\" name=\"_ftnref37\">[37]<\/a> (\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc<a href=\"#_ftn38\" name=\"_ftnref38\">[38]<\/a> ) \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>5-2. \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<a href=\"#_ftn39\" name=\"_ftnref39\">[39]<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644<a href=\"#_ftn40\" name=\"_ftnref40\">[40]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0661\u0663\u0667\u06f5\u060c \u0635\u0661). \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn41\" name=\"_ftnref41\">[41]<\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn42\" name=\"_ftnref42\">[42]<\/a>. \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Casullo, 1981, p 199).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0654\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a&#8221; \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0654\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b (Weintraub, 2002, p 9). \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<a href=\"#_ftn43\" name=\"_ftnref43\">[43]<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn44\" name=\"_ftnref44\">[44]<\/a> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1999)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a (in Weintraub, 2002, p7 Morgan and Morrison 1999 ).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 <a href=\"#_ftn45\" name=\"_ftnref45\">[45]<\/a>. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u061b \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>8. \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn46\" name=\"_ftnref46\">[46]<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 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\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<p>\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u0661\u0663\u0669\u0663.\u0623)\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0662\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0631\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<p>\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u0661\u0663\u0669\u0663.\u0628)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0630\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a (\u0661\u0663\u06f6\u0661)\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 (\u0661\u0663\u0667\u0665)\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0633)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 19\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a 1 \u0625\u0644\u0649 24<\/p>\n<p>Casullo A.(1981), &amp;amp;quot;Russell\u200c on\u200c the\u200c reduction of particulars&amp;amp;quot;, Volume: vol\u200c. 41\u200c, no. 4, pp. 199-20<\/p>\n<p>5Harper Douglas(2008), Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved (http:\/\/www.etymonline.com)<\/p>\n<p>Longman(1978) ,Longman Dictionary of\u200c Contemporary\u200c English\u200c, Local versions of the Ldoce Online, http:\/\/www.ldoceonline.com<\/p>\n<p>Andreu\u200c Mas-Colell Michael D. Whinston and. Jerry R. Green. (1995) Microeconomic Theory. New York Oxford<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\u200c\/theory<\/p>\n<p>Matthew\u200c, Gospel\u200c (1989). The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York<\/p>\n<p>Quesnay Fran\u200c\u00e7ois\u200c(1958), Ekonomick\u00e1 tabulka a jin\u00e9ekonomick\u00e9 spisy, St\u00e1tn\u00ed Nakladatelstv\u00ed Politick\u00e9 Literatury<\/p>\n<p>Smith Adam(1759), The Theory of\u200c Moral\u200c Sentiments\u200c, Universal Download Edition, www.Udownloadbook.com<\/p>\n<p>Marx Karl(1999), Capital, Online Version: Marx\u200c\/Engels\u200c Internet\u200c Archive (marxists.org) 1995<\/p>\n<p>Mill John Stuart(1863) &amp;amp;quot;on the definition of\u200c Political\u200c Economy\u200c; and of the Method of Investigation Proper to it&amp;amp;quot;, in The\u200c Methodology\u200c of Economics(1997), vol 1, Edited and introduced by Roger E.Blackhouse, Routledge\/ Thoemmes Press<\/p>\n<p>Jevons\u200c William\u200c Stanley\u200c(1871), The Theory of Political Economy, London Mcmillan, the Online Library of Liberty, Liberty\u200c Fund<\/p>\n<p>Leon\u200c Walras(2014), Elements of Theoretical Economics Or, The Theory of Social Wealth, Cambridge\u200c University\u200c Press<\/p>\n<p>Smith\u200c Adam (1976), Aninquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of nations, General Editors\u200c, R.H.Campbell\u200c and A.S.Skinner, Textual Editor, W.B.Todd, Vol 1, Cambridge University Press<\/p>\n<p>Vickrey William(1945), Maesuring\u200c Marginal\u200c Utility\u200c by Reaction to Risk, Econometrica, Vol 13, Issue, pp 319-333<\/p>\n<p>Weintraub E. Roy(2002), How Economics\u200c Became\u200c a Mathematical\u200c Science, Durham and London, Duke University Press<\/p>\n<p>Yefimov, Vladimir (2003), On pragmatic\u200c institutional\u200c economics, Paper for the EAEPE Conference, November 7-10, Maastricht, the Netherlands.<\/p>\n<p>Davis John B., Hands D. Wade, Maki\u200c Uskali\u200c(2001), The Handbook of Economic Methodology.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><em>[1]<\/em><\/a> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Empirical science<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Proof<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Episteme<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Deduction<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Understanding<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Theory<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Ethymology<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Merriam-Webster&#8217;s Collegiate Dictionary<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Longman dictionary: W1S2 \/\u02c8\u03b8\u026a\u0259ri US \u02c8\u03b8i\u02d0\u0259ri\/ n plural\u200c theories. [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: theoria, from Greek, from theorein &#8216;to look at&#8217;] Webster: Pronunciation: &#8216;th\u0113-\u0259-r\u0113, &#8216;thir-\u0113. Function: noun. Etymology: Late Latin theoria, from Greek the\u014dria\u200c, from\u200c the\u014drein. Date: 1592<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> art<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> New Oxford American\u200c Dictionary\u200c: ORIGIN\u200c late 16th cent. (Denoting a mental scheme of something to be\u200c done): via Late Latin from Greek the\u014dria \u2018contemplation, speculation,\u2019 from the\u014dros \u2018spectator.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> &#8221; Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> The Online Etymology Dictionary<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><em>[18]<\/em><\/a> \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><em>[19]<\/em><\/a> <em>Fran\u00e7ois\u200c Quesnay\u200c<\/em> (1694-1774) \u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><em>[20]<\/em><\/a> <em>Adam Smith<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><em>[21]<\/em><\/a> <em>Theory of Moral Sentiments<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><em>[22]<\/em><\/a> <em>An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of\u200c the Wealth of Nations<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\"><em>[23]<\/em><\/a> <em>Utilitarianism<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\"><em>[24]<\/em><\/a> <em>The Theory of Political Economy<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\"><em>[25]<\/em><\/a> <em>Th\u00e9orie math\u00e9matique de\u200c la richesse sociale<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\"><em>[26]<\/em><\/a> <em>Thorie critique de l&#8217;imp\u200c\u00f4t<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\"><em>[27]<\/em><\/a> <em>Elements of Theoretical Economics<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\"><em>[28]<\/em><\/a> \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u063a\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\"><em>[29]<\/em><\/a> <em>Truth\u200c and Fact<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\"><em>[30]<\/em><\/a> <em>Object and Subject<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\"><em>[31]<\/em><\/a> <em>Positive and Normative<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\"><em>[32]<\/em><\/a> \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 (\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u064a) \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\"><em>[33]<\/em><\/a> <em>Methodological Individualism<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\"><em>[34]<\/em><\/a> <em>Individual people<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\"><em>[35]<\/em><\/a> <em>composite step-by-step procedure<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\"><em>[36]<\/em><\/a> <em>methodische Individualismus<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\"><em>[37]<\/em><\/a> <em>Representitive Agent<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\"><em>[38]<\/em><\/a> <em>Rational Human<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\"><em>[39]<\/em><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0640<em>agent<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\"><em>[40]<\/em><\/a> <em>Reductionism<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\"><em>[41]<\/em><\/a> <em>partials<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\"><em>[42]<\/em><\/a> <em>universals<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\"><em>[43]<\/em><\/a> <em>System Dynamics<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\"><em>[44]<\/em><\/a> <em>Dynamic Programming<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\"><em>[45]<\/em><\/a> \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u064a (<em>Roy&#8217;s identity<\/em>) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 (<em>vickrey,<\/em>1945,319)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\"><em>[46]<\/em><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\"><em>[47]<\/em><\/a> <em>Preference Based<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\"><em>[48]<\/em><\/a> <em>Choice\u200c Based<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\"><em>[49]<\/em><\/a> <em>Revealed\u200c Preference<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\"><em>[50]<\/em><\/a> \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 <em>Andreu Mas-Colell Michael\u200c D. Whinston\u200c and. Jerry R. Green. (<\/em>1995<em>) Microeconomic Theory\u200c. New\u200c York\u200c Oxford\u200c OXFORD\u200c UNIVERSITY PRESES Theory\u200c<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\"><em>[51]<\/em><\/a> <em>Methodological Partialism<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\"><em>[52]<\/em><\/a> \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629: \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629\u061f \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 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\u0635\u0640\u0663\u0668\u0660)<em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\"><em><strong>[54]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":12364,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a | \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/title>\n<meta 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