{"id":14755,"date":"2026-08-23T11:07:32","date_gmt":"2026-08-23T08:07:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/?p=14755"},"modified":"2026-08-23T11:07:32","modified_gmt":"2026-08-23T08:07:32","slug":"%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b0%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/08\/23\/%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b0%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 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\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629(Gerber, etal. 2020157).<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u063a\u0648<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> \u0648\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c 180-190.Pigou, 1920 p) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0632<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> (1971) \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644&#8221;\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629Rawls) 1971, p.102-130).<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0631\u0651\u064f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>1-2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a. \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 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(1397). \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc (\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">43. Alvarado, R, Tillaguango, B., L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1nchez, M., Ponce, P., &amp; I\u015f\u0131k, C. (2021). Heterogeneous impact of natural resources on income inequality: The role of the shadow economy and human capital index. Economic Analysis and Policy, 69, 690-704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eap 2020.12.002<\/p>\n<p>44. Amin, H., &amp; Shaikh, I. M. (2025). Zakat al-mustaghallat for Malaysian landlords of residential properties. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 18(1), 178-195.<\/p>\n<p>45. Amini, H., Raee, M., &amp; Tavakkoli, A. (2018). Governmental approach to Khums and Zakat. *Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law Studies\/Fasln\u00e4mah-i Ul\u00fcm-i Fiqh va Huquq, 10*(19), 37-64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22075\/feqh.2018.13072.1325 [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>46. Arwani, A., &amp; Priyadi, U. (2024). The role and contribution of the new institutional economics in economic sys-tem performance. Jurnal Simki Economic, 7(1), 271-288.<\/p>\n<p>47. Atkinson, A., &amp; Bourguignon, F. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of income distribution (Vol. 1). Elsevier.<\/p>\n<p>48. Bank Markazi Jomhuri Eslami Iran (2025, April 8). Payment of 7,664 trillion IRR facilities by the banking network. https:\/\/cbi.ir\/showitem\/32059.aspx [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>49. Bayazidnejad, M., Sharifi, A., &amp; Farkish, H. (2024). Identifying the capacities for implementing good governance in Iran&#8217;s customs system. *Legal Studies in Digital Age \/ Mut\u0101li&#8217;\u00e4t-i Huq\u016bq\u012b dar Dawrah-i Raqami, 3*(3), 59-76 [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>50. Bhattacharya, P. C. (2011). Informal sector, income inequality and economic development. Economic Modelling, 28(3), 820-830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econmod.2010.10.001<\/p>\n<p>51. Coady, D., Flamini, V., &amp; Sears, L. (2015). The unequal benefits of fuel subsidies revisited: Evidence for developing countries (IMF Working Paper No. 15\/250). International Monetary Fund. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.5089\/9781513514270.001<\/p>\n<p>52. Dizaji, S. F., &amp; Farzanegan, M. R. (2014). Distributional consequences of natural resource rents in Iran (CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 4824). ifo Institute.<\/p>\n<p>53. Enami, A., Lustig, N., &amp; Taqdiri, A. (2019). Fiscal policy, inequality, and poverty in Iran: Assessing the impact and effectiveness of taxes and transfers. Middle East Development Journal, 11(1), 49-74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080 \/17938120.2019.1602501<\/p>\n<p>54. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. (2023). The EIII Standard 2023. https:\/\/eiti.org\/eiti-standard<\/p>\n<p>55. Eyvazi, A. (2020). Functional income distribution in conventional economics and Martyr Sadr&#8217;s views. *Journal of Economic Research \/ Pazh\u016bhishn\u00e4mah-i Iqtis\u0101d\u012b, 19*(72), 237-263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22054\/joer.2019.10160 [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>56. Farahani-Fard, S. (2017). Economic function of Islam (distribution of wealth and income). Qabasat, 22(86), 103-128. https:\/\/qabasat, iict.ac.ir\/article_30426.html [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>57. Gerber, J. D., Lieberherr, E., &amp; Knoepfel, P. (2020). Governing contemporary commons: The institutional resource regime in dialogue with other policy frameworks. Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 112, 155-163. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.1016\/j.envsci. 2020.06.014<\/p>\n<p>58. Ghasemi Banaberi, H., Goodarzi, A, Mousavi, Z., &amp; Mohammadrezaei, M. (2024). Justice-based indices in the tax system based on direct tax laws and value added tax. *Tax Research Journal \/ Nashriyah-i Pizh\u00fchishh\u0101-yi M\u0101l\u012by\u0101t\u012b, 32*(62), 182-211 [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>59. Hajat, M. G. (2024). Examination of the welfare indices of Iran&#8217;s border and central regions from the perspective of spatial justice. *Regional Statistics\/Amar-i Man\u0163aqah-&#8216;1, 14*(5), 945-969 [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>60. Hasani Qarah Tapeh, M., Mojtahedi Mokher, M. M, Nourahmadi, M. J., Seyyed Nourani, S. M. R., &amp; Khorsandi, M. (2024). Comparative-analytical analysis of Sadr&#8217;s distribution theory and classical\/neoclassical economists: Mathematical approach in overlapping generations model. *Islamic Economics Essays\/Maq\u00e4l\u00e4t-i Iqti\u015f\u00e4d-i Isl\u0101m\u012b, 20*(40), 191-222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30471\/iee.2024.10010.2398 [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>61. Karami, M. H. (2010). Income distribution from production processes in neoclassical economics and selected. Islamic thinkers. *Islamic Economics Essays\/Maq\u00e4l\u00e4t-i Iqti\u015f\u00e4d-i Isl\u0101m\u012b, 7*(14), 153-169 [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>62. Majles Shoraye Eslami. (2020, May 19). Full report of the Parliament&#8217;s investigation on the performance of SAIPA and Iran Khodro. Mehr News Agency. https:\/\/www.mehrnews.com\/xRV2r [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>63. Markazi Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. (2005, January 25). Steel monopoly in Tehran Metal Exchange. https:\/\/rc.majlis.ir\/fa\/news\/show\/764477 [In Persian]<\/p>\n<p>64. Markazi Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. (2021). Pathology of the supply and distribution system of goods and services in Iran (Legislative Report No. 17499). https:\/\/rc.majlis.ir\/fa\/report\/show\/1656724 [In Persian]<\/p>\n<p>65. Markazi Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. (2021). Starus of mines in Iran and challenges of privatizing their exploitation (Legislative Report No. 17762), https:\/\/re.majlis.ir\/fa\/report\/show\/1674962 [In Persian]<\/p>\n<p>66. Markazi Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. (2022). Capital gains tax reports (Legislative Report No. 18590). https:\/\/re.majlis.ir\/fa\/report\/show\/1754397 [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>67. Mirjamali Mehrabadi, M., Najafizadeh, A., Zanjirdar, M., &amp; Ghafari Ashtiani, P. (2022). Investigating the effect of market structure and asymmetric information on the performance of firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in a dynamic model. Financial Economics Iqtisad-i Mali, 16*(60), 93-120 [In Persian]<\/p>\n<p>68. Mojtahedi Ameli, S. A. (2013). The principle of equality and principles of the Islamic distribution model. *Islamic Social Studies \/ Mut\u00e4la&#8217;\u00e4t-i Ijtim\u00e4&#8217;i-i Isl\u0101m\u012b, 19*(98), 63-90. https:\/\/iss.razavi.ac.ir\/article_816.html [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>69. Muhammad, A. A., Hussaini, H. A., &amp; Ardo, A. M. (2024). Reviving zakat and waqf institutions for sustainable community development in Gombe State, Nigeria. Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies, 2(2), 47-54.<\/p>\n<p>70. Naderi, K., &amp; Qelich, V. (2009). An inquiry into criteria and framework of income distribution in Islamic eco-nomics. #Islamic Economic Studies \/ Mutali&#8217;\u00e4t-i Iqtisad-i Isl\u0101m\u012b, 2*(1), 155-182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30497\/ies.2009.1072 [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>71. OECD. (2018). The role and design of net wealth taxes in the OECD. OECD Publishing. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.1787\/9789264290303-en<\/p>\n<p>72. OECD. (2020). Fair pricing in essential goods markets. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/competition\/fair-pricing-in-essen-tial-goods-markets.htm<\/p>\n<p>73. OECD. (2022). Dus process in competition law enforcement: The new OECD recommendation on transparen-cy and procedural fairness in competition law enforcement https:\/\/www.competitionpolicyinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/OECD-Column-February-2022-2-Full.pdf<\/p>\n<p>74. Palley, T. I. (2004). From Keynesianism to neoliberalism: Shifting paradigms in economics. Foreign Policy in Focus.<\/p>\n<p>75. Pigou, A. C. (1920). The economics of welfare. Macmillan.<\/p>\n<p>76. Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n<p>77. Razayi, M. (2005). Effects of certain jurisprudential rules on the labor market. *Islamic Economics \/ Iqti\u015f\u00e4d-i Isl\u0101m\u012b, 5*(18), 63-87 [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>78. Resource Governance Institute. (2015). Natural resource governance: National strategies to maximize the benefits of natural resources (NRGI Reader). https:\/\/resourcegovernance.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/nrgi_readers_compi-lation.pdf<\/p>\n<p>79. Roozdar, A., Rajabi, M., &amp; Karimi, F. (2024). Effects of natural resource rent, shadow economy, and human development index on income inequality: Cross-country analysis. *Business Research Quarterly \/ Fasln\u0101mah-i Tahqiqat-i His\u00e4bd\u0101r\u012b va M\u0101l\u012b, 28*(110), 29-56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22034\/ijts.2024.2015888.3920 [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>80. Sabzian, H., Aliahmadi, A., Azar, A., &amp; Mirzaee, M. (2018). Economic inequality and Islamic charity: An exploratory agent-based modeling approach arXiv. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.09284<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">81. 76.40. Sadr, S. M. B. (2013). Our economics\/Iqtis\u0101dun\u0101 (M. Borhani &amp; S. A. Hosseini Jerfa, Trans.). SADR Spe cialized Scientific Research Institute. [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>82. Sadr, S. M. B. (2014). Islam: The leader of life\/Islam Rahbarmi&#8217;-i Zindagi (M. Zandieh, Trans.). Dar al-Sadr. [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>83. Sandmo, A. (2013). The principal problem in political economy: Income distribution in the history of economic thought. Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics.<\/p>\n<p>84. Shabani, A., &amp; Kashian, A. (2016). Designing a mechanism for integrating khums and zakat into Iran&#8217;s tax system and its potential economic effects. *Islamic Economic Studies\/Mutali&#8217;\u00e4t-i Iqtisad-i Isl\u0101m\u012b. 8*(2), 39-74. https doi.org\/10.30497\/ies. 2016.1798 [In Persian]<\/p>\n<p>85. Yousefi, A. A., Kar\u0131m\u0131, A. A., &amp; Farahani Fard, S. (2018). Fair distribution of anf\u00e4l and public resources: A case study of targeted subsidies in Iran. [In Persian].<\/p>\n<p>86.\u00a0 Zahedi Vafa, M. H., &amp; Peighami, A. (2009). Money and time in the distribution theory of Islamic economics *Islamic Economic Studies Mutali&#8217;\u00e4t-i Iqtisad-i Islami, 2*(1), 5-37. https. dot org 10 30497 ies 2009.1067 \u03a0 Persian<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>Institutionalized property rights.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>Asymmetric bargaining power.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> pigo<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>The Economics of Welfare.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>Externalities.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>Rawis.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>A Theory of Justice.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>David Ricardo.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>Robert Nozick.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>Libertarian.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>John Locke.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>Thomas Malthus.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":12364,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14755","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 | \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648 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