{"id":14709,"date":"2026-08-22T16:38:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-22T13:38:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/?p=14709"},"modified":"2026-08-22T16:38:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-22T13:38:00","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/08\/22\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f 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The<\/p>\n<p>Review\u00a0of\u00a0Economic\u00a0Studies,\u00a0Vol\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. 23,\u00a0No\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. 2\u00a0(1955\u00a0&#8211;\u00a01956),\u00a0pp\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. 83\u200c-<\/p>\n<p>100\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>Martin\u00a0 L\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. \u00a0Weitzman,\u00a0 (1984),\u00a0The\u00a0 Share\u00a0 Economy:\u00a0 Conquering<\/p>\n<p>Stagflation,\u00a0 England,\u00a0 London\u00a0 and\u00a0 Massachusetts,\u00a0 Cambridge:<\/p>\n<p>Harvard\u00a0University\u200c\u00a0Press,\u00a0Pp\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. vi,\u00a0167\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>John\u00a0Stuart\u00a0Mill,\u00a0 (1885),\u00a0Principles\u00a0 of\u00a0Political\u00a0Economy,\u00a0Abridged\u200c,<\/p>\n<p>with\u00a0Critical,\u00a0Bibliographical,\u00a0and\u200c\u00a0Explanatory\u200c\u00a0Notes,\u00a0and\u00a0a\u00a0Sketch<\/p>\n<p>of\u00a0the\u00a0History\u00a0of\u00a0Political\u00a0Economy,\u00a0By\u00a0J\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. Laurence\u00a0Laughlin,\u00a0Ph\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>D\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. Assistant\u00a0Professor\u00a0of\u00a0Political\u00a0Economy\u00a0in\u00a0Harvard\u00a0University<\/p>\n<p>a Text-Book\u00a0 for\u00a0Colleges\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. New\u00a0York:\u00a0D\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. Appleton\u00a0and\u00a0Company,<\/p>\n<p>1,\u00a03,\u00a0and\u200c\u00a05\u00a0Bond\u00a0Street\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c.<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. gutenberg\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. org\/files\/30107\/30107-h\/30107-h\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. html<\/p>\n<p>Tibor\u00a0 Scitovsky,\u00a0 (1964),\u00a0 \u201cA\u00a0 Survey\u00a0 of\u00a0 Some\u00a0 Theories\u00a0 of\u00a0 Income<\/p>\n<p>Distribution\u201d,\u00a0URL:\u00a0\u00a0http:\/\/www\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. nber\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c\u200c. org\u00a0\/chapters\/c1842<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>mill<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>&#8211;\u00a0Kaldor<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>David Ricardo (1772 \u20131823)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>Subsistence Level<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>-rent \u2013Quasi \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u00ab\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0639\u00bb \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u061f\u061f! \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>Solow Residual<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>&#8211; Multifactor Productivity<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Total Factor Productivity<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064e \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. (\u0634\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0661\u0663\u0668\u0667\u060c \u062c\u0661: \u0661\u0663\u0667) \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>&#8211; (Q)w \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u060c P \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u060c \u03c0 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629\u060c W \u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c L \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648F \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648(Q)L \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>\u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u00bb \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>Contract<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0662\u0665\u0662 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0662\u0665\u0666. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c) \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0628 (\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0661\u0664\u0660\u0667\u060c \u062c \u0665: \u0669\u0660).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a>Weitzman<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a>&#8211; Mainstream Economics<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":12364,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14709","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 | \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f 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