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\n

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\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629.
\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064f\u0639\u0650\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/h2>\n

\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0641 (Deviatof, 2006\u200c, pp\u200c.1-18)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Random Matching Model)\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.
\n\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0646 (2011 Hasan,) \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.
\n\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0631 (Kuzin\u200c &amp; Schober, 2015, PP. 41-51\u200c) \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2001\u0645-2007\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u061f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a 2001\u0645-2007\u0645\u061f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f (Debt theory of money) \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f (Credit theory of money) \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0631 (David Graeber). \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631 (Werner, 2005, pp. 100\u200c-110\u200c) \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (Debt base). \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 (Keynes) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u062f\u0632 (Breton Woods) (\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c 2005\u0645\u060c \u0635117 120\u200c).
\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u062f\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Nixon, 1971) \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631 (Werner) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 1992\u0645\u060c 1997\u0645\u060c 2005\u0645. \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 (Credit disaggregation) \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 (Aggregated) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 (Phill, 2012) \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

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\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636<\/h3>\n

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\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636<\/h3>\n

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\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636<\/h3>\n

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\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/h3>\n

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\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u061b \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631.
\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0642\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0642\u0631\u0636. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u061b \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631.
\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629: \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643. \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/h3>\n

1. \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/h4>\n

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3. \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636<\/h4>\n

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\n\"\"<\/p>\n

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\n\"\"
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\n2)\"\"<\/p>\n

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\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a.
\np\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \"\" . \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n

G\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \"\". \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636. \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

N\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \"\". \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 (Sharih effect) \u0623\u0648 Se:<\/p>\n

3) \"\"<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u064f\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \"\" \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631) \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 D \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631): M=D.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \"\"\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \"\"\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

4) \"\"<\/p>\n

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5) \"\"<\/p>\n

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7) \"\"<\/p>\n

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8) \"\"<\/p>\n

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9) \"\"<\/p>\n

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10) \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n

11) \"\"<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n

1. \u0627\u0628\u0646\u200c\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u061b \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u061b \u062c18\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u200c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u060c 1405\u0642.
\n2. \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0622\u0631.\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u061b \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0633\u0645\u062a\u060c 1392.
\n3. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u06863\u060c \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u200c \u0645\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f\u200c \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c 1385.
\n4. \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u06cc\u061b \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0633\u0628\u061b \u06862\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0632: \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c 1375\u0642.
\n5. \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0631\u062d\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u061b \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u061b \u06cc\u0632\u062f: \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06cc\u0632\u062f\u060c 1391.
\n6. \u062d\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u061b \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647\u061b \u0642\u0645\u200c: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647\u200c \u0622\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u062a( \u0644\u0625\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u060c 1409\u0642.
\n7. \u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0646\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06cc\u0647\u061b \u0639\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u061b \u0642\u0645: \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c 1385.
\n8. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u061b \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u061b \u06862\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642(\u060c 1393.
\n9. \u0637\u0628\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u200c\u060c \u0627\u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u200c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u200c\u0628\u0646\u200c\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u061b \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u060c 1408\u0642.
\n10\u200c. \u0642\u0644\u06cc\u200c \u0628\u06af\u0644\u0648\u200c\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0636\u0627\u061b \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u00bb\u061b \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u063319\u060c \u063459\u200c\u060c 1390\u200c.
\n11\u200c. \u0644\u0637\u0641\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u061b \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0631\u062e\u0635\u062a \u0648 \u0639\u0632\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u00bb\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a\u200c \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u200c: \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u063345\u060c \u063492\u060c 1392.
\n12. \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u00ab\u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u061b \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u00bb\u061b \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u200c \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u060c \u06336\u060c \u063411\u200c\u060c 1393.
\n13. \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u061b \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646\u061b \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u0628\u06cc\u0631\u060c 1375.
\n14\u200c. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062d\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u061b \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647\u061b \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0647 \u0642\u0645\u060c 1368.
\n15. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u061b \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u200c \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u200c \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u00bb\u061b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u06331\u060c \u06342\u060c 1392.
\n16. \u0646\u062c\u0641\u06cc\u200c\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062d\u0633\u0646\u200c\u061b \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u061b \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0647\u060c 1367.
\n17. \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u061b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u061b \u0642\u0645\u200c: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647\u200c \u0622\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u062a\u200c( \u0644\u0625\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0642\u0645\u060c 1407\u0642.
\n18. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u061b \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u061b \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u200c \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u060c 1417\u200c\u0642.
\n19. Angeles L; &quot;A note on debt and economic activity&quot;; Economics Letters\u200c, http\u200c:\/\/dx\u200c.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econlet.2015.09.009, 2015.
\n20. Deviatov, A; &quot;Money\u200c Creation\u200c in a Random Matching Model&quot;; Topics in Macroeconomics, 6(3). article 5, , 2006.
\n21. Hasan\u200c, Z; &\u200c;quot\u200c;Money creation and control from Islamic perspective&quot;; MPRA Paper, No. 28366, 2011\u200c.
\n22\u200c. Kuzin, V &amp; Schobert, F; &quot;Why does bank credit not drive money\u200c in\u200c Germany\u200c (any more) ?&quot;; Economic Modelling, 48, 2015.
\n23. Werner, R. A; &quot;Towards a quantity theorem\u200c of\u200c disaggregated credit and international capital flows&quot;; paper presented at the\u200c Royal\u200c Economic\u200c Society Annual Conference, York, April 1993, and at the 5th Annual PACAP Conference on Pacific\u200c- Asian\u200c Capital\u200c Markets in Kuala Lumpur, June, 1992.
\n24. Werner, R.A; &quot;Towards a new\u200c monetary\u200c paradigm: a quantity theorem of disaggregated credit, with evidence from Japan&quot;; Kredit und Kap. 30\u200c (2) , 1997\u200c.
\n25. Werner, R; New Paradigm in Macroeconomics: solving the riddle of Japanese macroeconomic\u200c performance\u200c; England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
\n26. Werner, R &\u200c;amp\u200c; Phil\u200c,D; &quot;The quantity theory of credit\u200c and\u200c some of it\u2019s applications&quot;; Centre for Banking, Finance and Sustainable Development\u200c, lecture\u200c, university of Southampton, 2012.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":12364,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14681","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economy"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 | \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/08\/22\/\u062e\u0644\u0642-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646-\u0641\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta 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