{"id":15168,"date":"2026-08-29T17:45:04","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T14:45:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/?p=15168"},"modified":"2026-08-29T17:45:04","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T14:45:04","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/mbsadr.ir\/ar\/2026\/08\/29\/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"ai-translation-notice\" style=\"background-color: #f8f9fa; border-right: 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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb (\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u060c 1398): \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 (<\/strong><strong>Governance<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Bevir, 2007, p 7 &amp; 2021, P173). \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a (1999) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 (Kaufmann, 1999, p 652). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (World Bank, 2007). \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632 (Pierre &amp; peters, 2021) \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0650\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a (Ansell and Torfing, 2022, p 14). \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Farazmand, 2004). \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (Stoker, 1998).<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0650\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (Jreisat, 2004). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Bevir, 2007\/ Malik, 2017). \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (Nikoli\u0107 &amp; Zlatanovic, 2018). \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a-\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 (Rhodes, 2003 \/ Kooiman, 1993). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 (Rhodes, 1996 \/ Malik, 2017). \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Rhodes, 2000 \/ Lynn, 2000 \/ Heinrich &amp; Hill, 2000). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Pierre and peters, 2021 \/ Rhodes, 2000). \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Stoker, 1998). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u06f1. \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u06cc (\u06f1\u06f4\u06f0\u06f0). \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0642\u0645: \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f2. \u067e\u0631\u0686\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u067e\u0648\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f3). \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u00bb. \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b. \u0634 \u06f1\u06f0. \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0635 \u06f1\u06f3\u2013\u06f3\u06f7.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f3. \u067e\u0631\u0686\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u067e\u0648\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f3). \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u00bb. \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b. \u0634 \u06f1\u06f0. \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0635 \u06f1\u06f3\u2013\u06f3\u06f7.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f4. \u067e\u0646\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f7). \u00ab\u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062c.\u0627.\u00bb. \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u200c\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc. \u0634 \u06f1\u06f7\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0632 \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f3\u2013\u06f1\u06f7\u06f3.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f5. \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f6). \u00ab\u0628\u0627\u0632\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u00bb. \u067e\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647. \u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0628\u0647\u0634\u062a\u060c \u0634 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f6.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f6. \u062c\u0645\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f4). \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u00bb. \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u06cc. \u0634 \u06f1. \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0635 \u06f8\u06f6\u2013\u06f1\u06f0\u06f9.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f7. \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0638\u0645 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f5). \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f8. \u0631\u062d\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u062f (\u06f1\u06f4\u06f0\u06f1). \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642\u06cc &#8220;\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u200c\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a&#8221; \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648 \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u00bb. \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc. \u0634 \u06f3\u06f5. \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0632\u060c \u0635 \u06f1\u06f1\u06f8\u06f5\u2013\u06f1\u06f1\u06f5\u06f9.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f9. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f9). \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc. \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f0. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f9). \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f1. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f2). \u00ab\u0646\u06af\u0631\u0634\u06cc \u0641\u0642\u0647\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646.\u00bb \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u0698\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc. \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642. \u063410. \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631. \u063511-12.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f2. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f3). <em>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627<\/em>. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0698\u0631\u0641\u0627. \u0642\u0645: \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0635\u062f\u0631(\u0631\u0647).<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f3. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u00a0 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f94). <em>\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u0644\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/em>. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f4. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f397). <em>\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u062e\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/em>. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0630\u0646\u06cc. \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u061b \u062f\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f5. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f398). <em>\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a<\/em>. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0631\u06af\u0633 \u062e\u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc. \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f6. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f9 \u0627\u0644\u0641). <em>\u0633\u0646\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<\/em>. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u06cc. \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f7. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f9 \u0628). <em>\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u062c\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0647<\/em>. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc. \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f8. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f9 \u062c). <em>\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u062d\u06cc\u060c \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u06cc<\/em>. \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1\u06f9. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f4\u06f0\u06f0). <em>\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u06cc\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0641\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/em>. \u0642\u0645: \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f2\u06f0. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f402). <em>\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646<\/em>. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u06cc. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u200c\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f2\u06f1. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f40\u06f7). <em>\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627<\/em>. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f2\u06f2.<\/strong> \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u060c \u063a\u0636\u0646\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0635\u063a\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f4\u06f0\u06f3). \u00ab\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u061b \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0628 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u00bb. <em>\u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/em>. \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0634 \u06f1\u06f8: \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635 \u06f6\u06f3\u2013\u06f8\u06f9.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f2\u06f3.<\/strong> \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f8). <em>\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc<\/em>. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc(\u0631\u0647).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f2\u06f4.<\/strong> \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f9). <em>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0631(\u0631\u0647)<\/em>. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f2\u06f5.<\/strong> \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0633\u067e\u0647\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0630\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f8). \u00ab\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0637\u200c\u0645\u0634\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u00bb. <em>\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc<\/em>\u060c \u0634 \u06f3\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0632: \u0635 3\u06f7\u06f7\u2013402.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f2\u06f6.<\/strong> \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u06f1\u06f4\u06f0\u06f3 \u0642). <em>\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/em>\u060c \u062c \u06f7\u06f2. \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f2\u06f7.<\/strong> \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062d\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f4). <em>\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0642\u06cc\u0647<\/em>. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc(\u0631\u0647).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f2\u06f8.<\/strong> \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0636\u0627 (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f9). <em>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0631(\u0631\u0647)<\/em>. \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f2\u06f9.<\/strong> \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0636\u0627 (\u06f1\u06f379). \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646\u00bb. <em>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc<\/em>\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0632 \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635 \u06f1\u06f1\u06f3\u2013\u06f1\u06f2\u06f8.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"30\">\n<li>Talib M. Aziz (1991). \u201cThe Islamic Political Theory of Muhammad Baqir Al-Sadr of Iraq\u201d. <em>Middle Eastern Studies\/Political Science<\/em>. Canada: The University of Utah.<\/li>\n<li>Ansell, Christopher &amp; Torfing, Jacob (Eds.). <em>Handbook On Theories of Governance<\/em>. Cheltenham, UK. Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.<\/li>\n<li>Bevir, Mark (2009). <em>Key Concepts in Governance<\/em>. California: Sage Publication.<\/li>\n<li>Bevir, Mark (2021). <em>Governance<\/em>. <em>Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>. USA: Encyclopedia Britannica.<\/li>\n<li>Bevir, Mark (Editor) (2007). <em>Encyclopedia of Governance<\/em>. California: Sage Publication.<\/li>\n<li>Colebatch, H.K. (2014). \u201cMaking sense of governance\u201d. Policy and Society. 33 (4). pp. 307-316.<\/li>\n<li>Farazmand, Ali (2004). Sound Governance: Policy and Administrative Innovations. USA: Praeger Publisher.<\/li>\n<li>Jreisat, Jamil (2004). \u201cGovernance in a Globalizing World\u201d. Internatinal journal of pubic administration. 27(13&amp;14). Pp.1003-29.<\/li>\n<li>Kaufmann, Daniel and Kraay, Aart and Zoido, Pablo (1999). Governance Matters. Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=188568.<\/li>\n<li>Matters. Policy Research Working Papers. World Bank. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-2196.<\/li>\n<li>Machiavelli, Niccol\u00f2 (1513). The Prince. Translated by Harvey C. Mansfield. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<\/li>\n<li>Mishra, J., &amp; Attri, V. (2020). \u201cGovernance, Public Service Delivery and Trust in Government\u201d. Studies in Indian Politics. 8(2). pp. 186-202.<\/li>\n<li>Nikoli\u0107, Jelena &amp; Zlatanovic, Dejana (2018). \u201cCorporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility Synergies: A Systemic Approach\u201d. Na\u0161e gospodarstvo\/Our economy. 64(3). pp. 36-46.<\/li>\n<li>Pierre, John and Peters, B. Guy (2021). An Advanced Introduction to Governance. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.<\/li>\n<li>Radnor, Z., Osborne, S., &amp; Glennon, R. (2022). Public management theory. In Handbook on Theories of Governance (pp. 43-56).<\/li>\n<li>Rhodes, R. (1996). \u201cThe New Governance: Governing without Government\u201d. Political Studies. XLIV. pp. 652-667.<\/li>\n<li>Rhodes, R. A. W. (2000). \u201cGovernance and Public Administration\u201d. In Jon Pierre, Debating Governance, Authority, Steering and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Rhodes, R. A. W. (2003). Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. England: Open University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Salamon, Lester M. (2011). \u201cThe New Governance and the Tools of Public Action: An Introduction\u201d. Fordham Urban Law Journal. 28 (5). pp. 1611-1674.<\/li>\n<li>Weiss, Thomas G. (2000). &#8220;Governance, Good Governance and Global Governance: Conceptual and Actual Challenges.&#8221; Third World Quarterly, 21(5), 795\u2013814. DOI: 10.1080\/713701075.<\/li>\n<li>World Bank (2007a). Strengthening the World Bank Group Engagement on Governance and Anticorruption. Strategic Document, March. cited in Gisselquist.<\/li>\n<li>Rachel, M. (2012). Good Governance as a Concept, and Why This Matters for Development Policy. Working Paper (2012\/30, 1-36).<\/li>\n<li>Stoker, Gerry (1998). \u201cGovernance as Theory: Five Propositions\u201d. International Social Sciences Journal, 50 (1), pp. 17-28.<\/li>\n<li>Malik, Maszlee (2017). Foundations of Islamic Governance, A Southeast Asian Perspective. London: Routledge. Political Studies, XLIV, 652-667.<\/li>\n<li>Kooiman, Jan (1993). Modern Governance, New Government-Society Interactions. London: Sage Publications.<\/li>\n<li>Lynn, Jr, Laurence, Heinrich, Carolyn and Hill, Carolyn (2000). \u201cStudying Governance and Public Management: Challenges and Prospects\u201d. Journal of Public Administration research and theory. 10(2). Pp. 233-262.<\/li>\n<li>Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Function. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved December 3, 2023, from https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/function<\/li>\n<li>Salamon, Lester M. (2011). \u201cThe New Governance and the Tools of Public Action: An Introduction\u201d. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 28 (5). pp. 1611-1674.<\/li>\n<li>Colebatch, H.K. (2014). \u201cMaking sense of governance\u201d. 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